Welcome to the Knowlton Family Genealogy Page from Thomas Knowlton Gibson.
Our branch of the Knowlton family is directly descended from many well known early colonial families.

Chris, Jon and I explored the State Capitol Building in Hartford, Connecticut, 
and found a prominent statue of Colonel Thomas Knowlton in front of the building.
The Knowlton Family Coat Of ArmsChristopher and Jonathan Gibson examine the statue of Col. Thomas Knowlton at the state capitol in Hartford, Connecticut.
These pages record the genealogical search for ancestral information
 by my mother and her ancestors
.


The Knowlton and Gibson families have been collecting ancestral information for hundreds of years with a plethora of books and papers available.  These records are amazingly accurate and correspond exceptionally well with information found on the Internet.  Our family history is certainly noteworthy, with a few emotional and tragic events, and many ancestors exhibiting a significant influence on the founding of our country and the development of Europe and the western world.

The Richard Knowlton Shield of Arms and Crest
The 
Shield: A red chevron with three crowns.
The 
Crest: "Argent, a chevron, between crowns and ducal coronets sable".
The 
Motto: "Vi et Virtute" Translated: By Strength and Valor.

E-Mail

The origin of the name Knowlton is from the old English, 
"cnoll" (middle English, "knolle"), meaning a small rounded hill or mound 
and the old English "tun", meaning an enclosed place, homestead or village; 
so
Knowlton means town, village or place on the hill.

The following is the chronological ancestry of Thomas Knowlton Gibson with links to additional information.

Genealogy information and descendants of Captain William Knowlton, 1584-1632, from Kent, England


The reference numbers after each Knowlton were assigned by genealogist, Rev. Stocking in his 1897 book on the Knowlton Family History.
Stocking shows descent of William from Richard Knowlton and Elizabeth Candize which is contested by modern genealogists. 

The Plaque on the front of the Statue of Col. Thomas Knowlton in Hartford, Conn.The questionable and undocumented line descends from Lord Perot Knowlton.

William Knowlton (1) b 1584 Kent, England m. Ann Elizabeth Smith
The link will take you to a 4th grade report written by Chris Gibson.
William is a fully approved, documented and cited, gateway ancestors,
and emigrated in 1632 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Our other maternal gateway ancestors are listed below.
There are at least three additional lines to William Knowlton in our family tree.

John Knowlton
(2) b 1610, Kent, England m. Marjery Wilson

John Knowlton (5) b 1633, Ipswich, MA m. Deborah Grant
Deborah, related to Ulysses Grant, was directly descended,
multiple times, from both the Forbes and Kennedy families.

Nathaniel Knowlton (19) b 29 June 1658, Ipswich, MA m Deborah Jewett 3 Dec 1664

Nathaniel Knowlton (74) b 3 May 1683, Ipswich, MA m Reform Trescott his second wife.
His first wife was Marry Bennett, the mother of William.
A list of siblings and detailed information follows on this page.

Captain Samuel Knowlton (121) m. Anna Fellows
Brother of William Knowlton who was the father of Colonel Thomas Knowlton
Samuel was a decorated Captain in the Revolutionary War.

Jeremiah Knowlton (285) m. Anna Pierce
He was a first cousin to Colonel Thomas Knowlton, She was a cousin to Franklin Pierce.

John Knowlton (605) m. Sally Knowlton (706) (3rd cousins)
Sally's Father, Captain Joseph Knowlton was a cousin to Jeremiah and uncle of Colonel Thomas Knowlton
whom he fought alongside in the Revolutionary war.
Captain Joseph is also a direct descendant of Richard More, through the family of daughter Susan More.

Freeman Knowlton (1608) m. Abigail Hatch

John Watson Knowlton (3848) m. Aseneth Brown
(3850) b. 1838 John was a railroad mail agent and is descended from the well known Watson family through his mother.

Frank Adams Knowlton m.6 May,1889, Isabel Nellie Swett b.1868
b. July 9, 1865 d. Feb 1929 Frank was a dentist in Fairfield, ME
The Swett Family descends from a significant line of European Royalty and Nobility through the Mayhew family.
Thomas Mayhew Sr. and Thomas Mayhew Jr. Thomas Sr. was the founder and first Governor of Martha's Vineyard Island.
Benjamin F. M. Swett married Sophronia Norton, a direct descendant of the Adams family and seven Mayflower Pilgrims.
Jonathan Mayhew, a noted American clergyman, is credited with coining the phrase "no taxation without representation."

Frank Watson Knowlton m. Letha Pearl Metzger

Early Bell Telephone employee and supervisor in Albany, NY
b. May 28, 1900 d. May 1928
Letha Pearl Metzger is descended from these early American colonial families:
James Williamson, Johannes Von Tschudi, Cornelius Janse Vanderveer, Hendrick Hendricksen Kip, Wolfert Gerretse Couwenhoven,
Giles Jason De Mandeville, Pieter Monfoort, Claes Cornelissen Van Schouwen, Johannes Theodorus Polhemius and Pieter Claesen Wyckoff.
Many descend from European royalty and are "first arrivals"(1625) of New Amsterdam, Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Long Island.

Sarah Jane Knowlton b. 1926
Only child of Frank Watson Knowlton and Letha Pearl Metzger, she was Raised in Norristown, PA by her Stepfather, Theodore Andreas Wiedemann.
m. Thomas Cushman Gibson b. 7/8/25-1996  
  Third son of Joseph Whitton Gibson, Raised in Norristown, PA,
Machine Tool Engineer, Designed aircraft carrier elevator lifting gears at Newark Gear
Thomas Knowlton   b. 1948    
Philip Cook       b. 1950
     David Cushman     b. 11/20/1952-2/5/1987
     Andrea Whitton     b. 1956
Thomas Knowlton Gibson addresses the General Assembly 
in Connecticut State Capitol Building in Hartford.

Thomas Knowlton Gibson speaking to the Connecticut General AssemblyThomas Knowlton Gibson b. 1948
     Eldest son of  Thomas Cushman, Husband and FatherCollege Administrator and Professor,
                                                        Museum Curator, Summer Camp Director and Radio Engineer.
   m. Cathy Ann Smith b.1960-   Divorced November, 1999.

Christopher Thomas Gibson b.1990-  High School Student,  
Webelos Scout Award
with Arrow of Light Award

Jonathan Knowlton Gibson b.1993-   High School Student, 
Webelos Scout Award
with Arrow of Light Award

m. Kelly Beth Shealer 1959 - Wife and Mother, Registered Graduate Pediatric Nurse,
Wellspan Inc, Raising six children.

 Many of our family ancestors were instrumental with the drafting, signing or approving of significant historical documents in the founding of our country, including
  The
Magna Carta in (1215); First, Second, & Third Virginia ChartersMayflower Compact (1620); Charter of Massachusetts Bay (1629);  Pennsylvania
  Charter of Privileges (1696); Resolutions of the Stamp Act (Oct. 19, 1765); Declaration of Arms (July 6, 1775); Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 12, 1776);
  Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776); Articles of Confederation (Nov. 15, 1777) in York, PA; and finally the Constitution of the United States (1787).

Please view our complete family tree on Rootsweb.com, with more than 130,000 entries in 41,000 families.

If you have an Ancestry.com account, or are willing to sign up for a free one, you are invited to view our complete family tree.
It is one of the largest on the web, with more than 130,000 entries in 40,000 families, many going back more than 2000 years.
A few of the older listings on Ancestry.com (before 1500), are in error due to their "One World Tree" systematic approach,  please verify all sources.

Many of our ancestors are listed on the websites "The genealogy of 750,000 people connected to European Royalty", Cindi's List
Colonists with Royal Ancestry
, and two superb genealogical surveys of the peerage of European royal families, and The Peerage.com.

The maternal branch of our family is directly descended from the following notable colonial families.  
     

We have identified almost 400 gateway ancestors with more than 50 descended from about 2000 ancestors of *European nobility.
  
* Many lines are through King Edward III of England or his grandfather King Edward I,  and obviously their European Royal Ancestry through the Neville and Plantagenet trees.
     The oldest known colonial ancestor or original immigrant is noted, with * indicating one of more than fifty lines to European Royalty.
     Most of our ancestors are fully approved, documented and cited, gateway ancestors.  The paternal half of this list is on the Gibson page.

*Adams, William married Elizabeth Kemp, ancestors of John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Samuel Adams and John Adams.
    Our family has at least 7 ties with the Adams family of Quincy, Massachusetts, 
and is one of many lines to King Edward I of England.
*Adams, Joseph married Abigail Baxter, close relatives of Thomas Jefferson.
Allen, Bozoan married Ann Alby
Andrews, Robert married Grace  Melburn
Andrews, Thomas married Martha Baker
Baker, Thomas married Priscilla Symonds
, ancestors of both Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
Balch, John married Margaret Lovett
      One of the oldest surviving wood frame houses in the United States was constructed by John Balch in 1636.

Bangs, Edward married Rebecca Hobart
Bennett, Anthony married Abigail Somes
Bird, Richard married Joanne Mitchell
Bird, Robert married Mary Popham
*
Bompasse, Edward married  Hannah Annable both early (1621) arrivals of the Plymouth Colony on the ship Fortune.

    Our Bompasse family line is one of seven to King Edward III of England and obviously his Royal Ancestors, through the Neville and Plantagenet trees.
Bowers, George married Barbara Smyth
Bradford, William
married
Bricker, Christian married Barbara Kissinger
Brown, William married Mary Murdock
Brown, William married
*Susan Harding
* Buck, Isaac married Francis Marsh, ancestors of John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Samuel Adams and John Adams.
*
Carter, Thomas married Mary Parkhurst, related to Robert "King" Carter, Robert "Councillor" Carter and James Earl Carter.
    We have at least five connections with this famous family with more ancestors named Carter than either Gibson or Knowlton

Chesley, Philip married Elizabeth Leighton
Chittenden, Isaac married Martha Vinal
Clark, Thomas married Rose Kerrich,
ancestors of both Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
Coit, John married Mary Stevens
Collins, Joseph married Ruth Knowles
Cooke, Josiah married Elizabeth Ring, ancestors of both Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
*Couwenhoven, Gerret Wolfertse Van, married Aeltje Cornelis Cool
Dalrymple, James married Eremiah Yeoman
*
Denham, Thomas married Sarah Bompasse  The Denham family descended from a significant Royal line.
Doane, John married Ann Perkins
Dyer, William Sr. married Dorothy Shirley
Dyer, William Jr. married
*
Mary Barrett, Mary was hung for being a Quaker in 1660.  Please don't skip this incredible story.
Eliot, Francis married  Mary Saunders
Fiske, David married
*Seaborn Wilson ancestor of Thomas Woodrow Wilson.
French, Thomas married Mary Scudamore, both very early Boston residents.
*Gates, Caleb, married *Mary Forbesearly settlers from Connecticut and multiple ancestors of Tom Gibson, Sally Knowlton and Bill Gates III.
     The Gates family is also descended from Thomas Mayhew, founder of Martha's Vineyard Island and an ancestor of many famous americans.
George, John married Ann Goldstone
*
Grant, James married *Agnes Grant (1st cousins) Both James and Agnes had an incredible pedigree descending from European Royalty.
     The were closely related to Ulysses Grant and directly descended, multiple times, from the
*Gates*Forbes and *Kennedy families.
     The Forbes family has owned many of the Elizabeth Islands off of Cape Cod for almost 200 years.  The town of Gosnold includes the island chain.

   *Our Grant, Forbes and Kennedy family lines are three of the twenty eight lines through King Edward I of England.
Harding, Joseph married Martha Doane, both early arrivals of the Plymouth Colony on the ship Little James and ancestors of Warren G. Harding.
*Harrington, James married Ann Clinton, daughter of Thomas Clinton the grandson of the 1st Earl of Lincoln, ancestors of both Tom and Sally Gibson.
Hart, Isaac married Elizabeth Hutchinson,  Elizabeth was one of the accused during the Salem Witchcraft Trials.
     One of the oldest existing houses in the United States was constructed by Thomas Hart in 1640.

Higgins, Owen married Seaborn Tew
Hilliard, Emanuel married
*Elizabeth Parkhurst
Hinkson, Peter married Elizabeth Underwood
*Holbrook, John married Elizabeth Stream, closely related to Zachary Taylor, Franklin Pierce and Chester Alan Arthur.
    John's grandson John married Sarah Knowlton.  He was the founder of Brattleboro, Vermont, where his home is now a museum.
Howland, Henry married Anne Margaret Aires, ancestors of both Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.

   Henry was an ancestor of seven presidents including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard NixonGerald Ford, and George W. Bush, as well as Sir Winston Churchill.

   Both of my parents are descended from his son, John Howland, my mother is also descended from his brother Henry who married *Mary Newland.

Howland, John with his wife Elizabeth Tilley, and her parents John Tilley  and Joan Hurst, all arrived on the Mayflower in 1620.
Jewett, William, married Ann Field
Kent, Richard married Dorothy Emma Shorte
Kidder, James married Anna Moore
Knowlton,
Jeremiah married *Abigail Pierce, she was descended from ancestors of Barbara Pierce Bush, John Hancock and Franklin Pierce.
Knowlton, John I married Margery Wilson
Knowlton, John II, son of John I, married
*Deborah Grant, daughter of James Grant and Agnes Grant, ancestors of Ulysses S. Grant.
Knowlton, William married Ann Elizabeth Smith
Lord, Thomas married
*Dorothy Bird
Mackintosh, William married Margaret Ogilvie
Marshall, Peter married Elizabeth Weiser
*Mayhew, Jonathan a noted American clergyman in Boston, Massachusetts, is credited with coining the phrase "no taxation without representation."
*
Mayhew, Thomas married Jane Paine, founders of Martha's Vineyard Island, ancestors of Rutherford B. Hayes, Bill Gates and many famous americans.
    Living on an island, the first seven generations of the Mayhew family experienced significant intermarriage and hereditary deafness.
     
A superb story, my great grandmother, Isabel Nellie Swett could sign MVSL and attributed her deafness to her multiple Mayhew ancestors.
     Three
grandparents of Isabel were multiple Mayhew descendants and the family lived in the town of Chilmark on Martha's Vineyard for almost 300 years.

     Our Mayhew family line is one of seven to King Edward III of England and obviously European Royal Ancestry, through the Neville and Plantagenet trees.
Mayo, John married Thomasine Constable
Merrill, John married Elizabeth Vincent
Merry, Joseph married *Elizabeth Parkhurst, both early arrivals of Tisbury on Martha's Vineyard Island.
Metzger, Johann married Catherine Gerlach, daughter of Jacob Gerlach.
Monfoort, Pieter married Grietje Van Ness
More, Richard married Christian Hunter,
both early arrivals of the Plymouth Colony with Richard on the Mayflower.
Moulton, Thomas married Martha Page
Murdock, Henry married Audria Cook
Park, Richard married Margery Crane
Parker, Abraham married Rose Whitlock
Parker, James married
*Joane Drake
Partridge, George married  Sarah Tracy, ancestors of Rutherford B. Hayes.
Pease, John married Mary Browning
Perkins, Abraham married Tabitha Niles
*
Pierce, John married *May Barnett, ancestors of Barbara Bush, John Hancock and Franklin Pierce.
Poland, John married Bethia Friend
Polhemus, Daniel married Willemyntie Kip
*
Popham, John married *Amy Anne Games
    With his nephew George, they founded the
Popham Colony in 1607, one of the earliest English colonial settlements in North America.
    Although both Jamestown and Popham colonies were abandon for a period of time, Popham was ultimately not as successful as it's sister in Virginia.    
    Popham Colony experienced a death rate of less than 20% compared to
50% at Plymouth, 80% Jamestown and 100% at Roanoke Island.
    A
Pinnace he named Virginia, was the first ocean going vessel ever constructed in the new world.   Please don't skip this story.
Poulter, John married Marie Pope
Powers, Walter married Joane Newman
Rawlins, James married Hannah Fry
Rogers, Jeremiah married Ann Playle
Rowland, Jacob married Barbara Zorn
Sawyer, William married Sarah Littlefield
Schenck, Roelof Martense married
*Annetje Wyckoff
Seymore, William married Arabella Stuart

Shepard, Ralph married Thank Ye Lord, also recorded as Thankful Lord.
Shoemaker, George married Anna Maria Barbara
Skiffe, James married Mary Reeves
Smith, John married
*Deborah Parkhurst
Stream, John married
*Elizabeth Whitman, ancestors of William Howard Taft and related to Walt Whitman.
Stewart, James married Elizabeth Stewart (3rd cousins)
*
Stewart, John married Grizel Rattray  We show multiple descent from the Royal "House of Stewart" and Rattray families
*Swett, Captain Benjamin married Ester Weare, ancestors of Millard Filmore, James Garfield and Rutherford B. Hayes.
*Swett, Stephen married Hannah Merrill, Stephen and his son Joseph were founders of the town of Marblehead, Mass.
       One of the oldest existing houses in the United States was constructed by Stephen Swett in 1670.

*Swett, Moses married Hannah Swett, (2nd cousins) descended from John and Sarah Swett. 

     There was significant intermarriage and hereditary deafness in the Swett and Mayhew families.
*Taylor, Doctor Henry married Lydia Hatch, he is a great uncle of presidents Zachary Taylor and James Madison.
Tilton, William married Susannah Morreal
*Treat, Richard married Alice Gaylord, ancestors of Robert Treat Paine, J. P. Morgan, and both Thomas C. Gibson and Sarah J. Knowlton.
Trescott, William married Elizabeth Nute
Trion, Johann married Elizabeth Achy
*Tschudi, Johannes Von married Maria Lang
*Underwood, William married Sarah Pellet, ancestors of Barbara Bush, John Hancock and Franklin Pierce.
*Vanderveer, Cornelius Janse married Tryntje Mandeville were early Dutch colonists in New Amsterdam.
      We were neighbors of Vanderveer descendants when living on the
Craftsman Farms Estate, on Route 10, in Morris Plains, NJ
Weare, Nathaniel married Sarah Swain, both early arrivals of Nantucket Island.
*Whipple, John married Susanna Clarke, John Whipple was an early settler of Providence, RI and an ancestor of Stephen Hopkins.
*White, John  was sent by Sir Walter Raleigh as Sir Richard Grenville's artist-illustrator on his first voyage to the New World (1585-6).
     John was the first Governor of Roanoke Colony, grandfather of Virginia Dare, and an early member of the Plymouth Colony.
White, Resolved married Judith Vassall, both early arrivals of the Plymouth Colony with Resolved on the Mayflower.
White, William married Susanna ?,  parents of Resolved, they were both early arrivals of the Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower.
Whitlock, John married Sarah Vile were early Connecticut settlers and founders of Fairfield.  
Williamson, James married Jane Davis
* Winborn, Rev. John married Elizabeth Hart
Winship, Edward married Elizabeth Parke
Wise, Humphrey married Susan Tidd
Witt, John married Sarah Rooles
Wheeler, John married Agnes Yeoman
Wheeler, Benjamin married Mehitable Wheeler (1st cousins)
Woodman, Edward married Joanna Salway
*
Wyckoff, Pieter Claesen married Grietje Van Ness  They were very early resident of Albany and New Amsterdam, (NYC).

       The oldest house in New York City was built by Pieter Wyckoff in 1652.


     My parents Thomas Cushman Gibson, (SAR member) and Sarah Jane Knowlton, (DAR member) are multiple cousins, both with exceptional colonial ancestry.
     They both descended from Thomas Clark, an ancestor of George Wythe,  
John Baker, an ancestor of  John Trumbull, John Hutchinson and Sarah Putnam,
     William Hurt, John Harrington, Samuel Treat, Matthew Whipple
Caleb Gates, and finally,  Mayflower passenger Stephen Hopkins and Francis Cooke.
     [There are many instances of  homogamy, endogamy and  consanguinity in the Gibson and Knowlton ancestry, which are actually quite common in colonial families.]  
     My father was a machine tool salesman and worked for his father in law at Wiedemann Machine Tools in King of Prussia, PA,  among other companies.
    
My parents obviously had a penchant for large historic old homes.  Listed below are some of the 17 homes we live in from 1948 until 1968.  We lived:
     on the original Craftsman Farms estate, on Route 10 in Morris Plains, NJ;  then with my grandparents on South Valley Road in West Orange, NJ;
     at "Tree Tops",  the Earl Barnes estate next to the Zimbalist Estate
on Town Hill Rd, in New Hartford, CT, where we played with "Skipper" Zimbalist;
     in a beautiful 1840's four story brick antebellum home on Church St, in Wytheville, VA;  next to the old Norris Estate on Landing Road in Elkridge, MD;
     then to the 1850 stained glass windowed,
red roofed Victorian "Hill House",  on Hill House Road next to Kernan Hospital in historic Dickeyville, MD;
     and finally,
on Bristol Road in one of the oldest homes in Hartsville, PA, the Robert Darrah Farm, part of  his father's Estate built in the early 1700's.
     George Washington visited and rested at the Darrah house many times in August of 1777,  while holding court martial at nearby Neshaminy Church.
     
According to Darrah descendants, the children were usually sent to the grand parents house so they wouldn't disturb the General  while he was napping.  
     Yes, "George Washington Slept Here," and I have slept in the same room that our first president slept in,  although it was almost 200 years later.  


Here are some links on the history of the Knowlton family.

Follow these links for additional related information found on the web.

Genealogy Information on the Thomas Knowlton Branch

A list of soldiers fighting with Capt. Thomas Knowlton at Bunker Hill.

Col. Thomas Knowlton information from the Sons of the American Revolution.

Thomas Knowlton Gibson Genealogy Page.

CIA information on Captain Thomas Knowlton.

Biography of Lt. Thomas Knowlton.

225 Anniversary Ceremony of the deaths of Col. Knowlton and Captain Nathan Hale.

Information on the MICA Knowlton Award. Thomas Knowlton Gibson is a life member of MICA.

Background information on Nathan Hale.

A description of the Battle of Bunker Hill.

MICA, Military Intelligence information.

A short history of the U.S. ARMY Rangers.

A few interesting facts about the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Information on General Israel Putnam.

Significant Portraits from the 1910 Journal of American History.

Bunker Hill Report

Knowlton Family Genealogy

A directory of Knowlton related pictures.

There is quite a family history from the Swett side of the family.

The Founding Fathers of American Intelligence

Thomas Knowlton and His Rangers

The Battle of Bunker Hill

The Birth of the US Army

The Battle of Long Island and New York

The Legend of Knowlton Church and Knowlton Henge

Knowlton Church & Rings


The Connecticut Minuteman

PDF of Inaugural edition of the Connecticut Minuteman/

Battle of Bunkers Hill by John Trumbull

History of the US Army Rangers

Descendants of William Knowlton

Thomas Knowlton Letterbox

Statue of Colonel Thomas Knowlton

Connecticut US ARMY ROTC Knowlton Company

THE BATTLE FOR NEW YORK, WASHINGTON'S INTELLIGENCE NETWORK

Battle of Harlem Heights

More family information and genealogy

Old Knowlton family information

Knowlton Church

The Knowlton Court Estate

Harlem Heights, where angered Americans drove the British in only victory in N.Y. campaign

THE BATTLE FOR NEW YORK

"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country"

Wills of John and Marjery Knowlton

Information on the Swett Family

John Swett Family Tree form Worldconnect

Comments from the Knowlton message board.

The Knowlton Brothers of Ipswich, Mass

The Knowlton Family, Coming to America.

Notable Knowltons

Extracts of Old Town Records of Ipswich, Mass

February 1996 Knowlton mailing list.
Books mentioning Thomas Knowlton

Original text pages mentioning Thomas Knowlton

http://goose.ycp.edu/~tgibson/knowlton/knowlton68

Additional family information that I have not categorized yet.  Please browse.
There are more pages, just update the page number in your URL window.  I think the total is up to 70 pages now.

Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton of the American Revolution.
LTC Thomas Knowlton
Lieutenant
Colonel
Thomas
Knowlton

 

Volunteers from Nixon’s brigade, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Crary, boldly charged down Hollow Way viciously tempting the British troops on the Claremont Slope to meet them head-on in a salt marsh called Martje David’s Fly. The British rushed down into the marsh salivating over the sweetness of the coming victory. Suddenly musket shots were fired into their right flank. Startled, the British quickly re-grouped and attacked the encircling force on their right. By the end of the day, the exhausted colonists claimed victory at what would be called the Battle of Harlem Heights. But something had gone terribly wrong. The flanking troops had fired too soon, probably from the enthusiasm of an excited officer. Once this occurred, they could not reach the rear of the British as intended, but met the British force straight on. Over one hundred of General George Washington’s soldiers had died in the battle. Among them, was Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton the hero of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill).

Descending from a long line of honorable military men, Thomas Knowlton was destined to serve and become a hero. Born in November, 1740, he accompanied his brother Daniel, a famous scout and revered military officer himself, on several scouting missions during the French and Indian War. A sure ancestor of Achilles, Knowlton’s aura of a military hero was as much physical as it was tactical. Over six feet tall and quite handsome, his presence demanded attention and respect. His care for soldiers and military knowledge earned him that attention and respect from all.

Settling down to a quiet farm life after the French and Indian War, Knowlton became prominent in civil affairs. His peaceful life, however, turned to the military once again in the fall of 1774. Chosen by acclamation, Knowlton assumed command of a company of the Ashford, Connecticut, Volunteers, and by June 1775, Knowlton commanded two hundred men. On the 16th of that month, his soldiers followed him onto Breed’s Hill where they were assigned to defend a seemingly impossible position. Exposed to the enemy and vulnerable from both land and sea, Knowlton quickly assessed the situation and began to improve the odds.

Calculating that the British Commander, General Howe, would attack the inexperienced, under-equipped Americans, Knowlton formulated a plan which used a series of fences and other obstacles to slow the British advance and give the Americans a chance to survive the oncoming slaughter.

By the day’s end, British casualties were over 1000, compared to the total American casualties of 449. Only three men from Knowlton’s company died in the battle.Gaining the trust and admiration of General George Washington, Knowlton was soon given a group of select men from Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts who were known as "Knowlton’s Rangers." Under the direct control of Washington, Knowlton’s Rangers performed tasks similar to those of Roger’s Rangers in the French and Indian War and the United States Army Rangers of today. Unlike Roger’s Rangers, however, Knowlton’s Rangers were the first of their kind to be formally organized.

On the morning of the fateful battle of Harlem Heights, Knowlton’s Rangers patrolled a small field near the British camp. Spotted by a British outpost, the Rangers soon found themselves in a firefight with the Black Watch. A hand picked unit for height and composed mostly of Highlanders, the Black Watch carried an assortment of weapons and was known for its unusual dress. To the ragtag group of Americans, even Knowlton’s Rangers, this uniquely dressed, physically impressive unit instilled fear in all who fought against them. Lightly armed for the ease of conducting reconnaissance, Knowlton’s Rangers fought valiantly and were able to stall the Black Watch assault. When the attackers began to try to encircle Knowlton, he ordered a retreat and brought his troops back to safety with few casualties.

Eager for a victory over the British, Washington concocted the plan to cut off a section of the British troops’ rear with Knowlton’s Rangers. Once the premature shots had been fired into the right flank of the British, Knowlton quickly tried to rally his troops to carry on the attack. Shot in the small of his back, Knowlton fell, mortally wounded, within minutes of the failed attack. The following day, General Reed wrote, "All his inquiry was whether we had driven in the enemy."

In 1995, Colonel Thomas Knowlton became the hero of the Military Intelligence Corps and the Military Intelligence Corps Association (MICA) created an award for Military Intelligence Corps’ soldiers and civilians named after him.

Knowlton’s Rangers were the first of their kind.  Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton was a one of a kind. He epitomizes the Military Intelligence Corps’ Motto: "Always Out Front!" In every engagement with the enemy, Knowlton was on the front line encouraging, leading, and showing his troops where to go. The admiration he earned from his peers and superiors, the military genius displayed at Breed’s Hill and Harlem Heights, the love and respect he gained from his soldiers, and the honor with which he served should be a model for all Military Intelligence Corps’ soldiers to emulate.

 


The first American Intelligence Failure in New York

If  intelligence is information, and military intelligence is information that helps a commander deal with an enemy, than no less a commander than George Washington underscored best why the black art of the spy has been an essential part of American foreign policy since before the Revolution: "The necessity of procuring good intelligence is apparent and need not be further urged," he observed to one of his lieutenants in July of 1777.

The Father of our Country spoke from bitter experience. He lost his very first battle of the American Revolution because of a massive intelligence failure.

Washington had assumed command of the Continental Army in Cambridge on July 2, 1775. His military experience was limited to his role as a lieutenant colonel during the French and Indian War some sixteen years previously. He had never attended a military academy and in fact he'd had little formal education at all. He was forty-three years old.

The military situation at Boston was a stalemate: Washington's tiny army was sufficient to lay siege to the city, but not to capture it from General Thomas Gage, who had commanded a three thousand man advance guard in a bloody battle against the French and Indians in a ravine near the Monongahela River twenty years previously. As aide-de-camp to General Edward Braddock in that campaign, Washington had his horse shot out from under him, and had seen Braddock killed in a classic surprise attack. Nearly a thousand British had died that day—as opposed to less than fifty of the French. It had been the worst British military debacle on the American continent, and Gage was in no mood to give the enemy a chance for a second victory in the Americas.

Gage had three choices: attack Washington's army and attempt to lift the siege, evacuate Boston by sea, or do nothing but sit and wait for reinforcements from England. Gage chose to wait the Americans out, primarily because he had a network of spies and informants in place, and their reports assured him of Washington's troop strength and position. With fair winds and continued good intelligence, it seemed a certainty that the British would eventually prevail.

Significantly, at this time, General George Washington had but a single spy in action against the British. According to his accounts record, on July 15, 1775, less than two weeks after he took command, Washington paid $333.33 to someone whose name is lost to history "to go into the town of Boston to establish secret correspondence for the purpose of conveying intelligence of the Enemys movements and designs."

In October of that year, Gage was relieved by General William Howe. By January of 1776, with more spies finally in place, Washington had reason to believe that Howe's deputy, General Henry Clinton, would attack New York with an expeditionary force of fifteen hundred men. Both Howe and Washington understood that New York was crucial to control of the Hudson River, the means whereby the southern arm of the British forces would eventually meet up with those moving down the river from Canada, along the shores of Lake Champlain.

By February, the battle lines had somewhat changed. General Clinton sailed instead to South Carolina and failed to capture Charleston. Howe's New York plans were disrupted by the arrival of more than fifty pieces of heavy artillery that had been captured by the patriots at Fort Ticonderoga. Washington eagerly placed the cannon on Dorchester Heights where they threatened Boston, the harbor, and an end to the stalemate that had been in effect for almost nine months.

Howe gave the order to evacuate Boston on March 7th. Convinced that New York was Howe's strategic destination, Washington fatefully moved his army to New York, discovering in the process how difficult the island was to defend, even with an army ten times the size of his own. Surrounded by easily navigable waterways beyond which lay the shores of Long Island, Staten Island, and New Jersey—from which attacks could easily be staged—the island of Manhattan also contained a large proportion of Tories loyal to England and an enormous number of British spies.

Howe's actual battle plan would be revealed to Washington as an unhappy surprise. Instead of marching to New York, Howe repaired to Nova Scotia, and—regrouped and reinforced—arrived off Sandy Hook, New Jersey in June of 1776 in an enormous flotilla of 130 vessels. British spies immediately boarded the ships, flush with news of Washington's disposition of forces in New York. On July 2nd, Admiral Lord Richard Howe, the General's brother, arrived with another 150 ships. Additionally German mercenaries arrived in yet another flotilla, and on August 12th General Clinton and his force arrived from Charleston.

More than thirty-one thousand troops, ten ships of the line, twenty frigates, and hundreds of small transports manned by over ten thousand British seamen stood poised to destroy the Continental Army.

Between August 24th and 29th in the year 1776, the British inflicted more than 1400 casualties on the Americans. If  George Washington had not been able to retreat across the East River under the cover of fog and darkness, the American war for independence would have been lost before it had truly begun.

Fully aware that it was a matter of failed intelligence that had cost so many lives, one of Washington's first acts subsequent to the battle of New York was to commission Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to form a company of hand-picked volunteers in order to carry out reconnaissance missions and special operations "either by water or by land, by night or by day."

Knowlton's Rangers, as they were known, marked the birth of United States Army Intelligence, and the year of their formation is memorialized on the U.S. Army Military Intelligence emblem to this day.


Thomas Knowlton was born into a military family on November 22, 1740 in West Boxford, Massachusetts. When he was eight, his family moved to a four hundred acre farm in Ashford, C