

The origin of the name Knowlton is from
the old English,
"cnoll" (middle English, "knolle"),
meaning a small rounded hill or mound
and the old English "tun", meaning an
enclosed place, homestead or village;
so Knowlton means town, village or place on the
hill.
The
reference numbers after each Knowlton were assigned by genealogist,
Rev. Stocking in his 1897 book on the Knowlton Family History.
Stocking shows descent of William from Richard
Knowlton and Elizabeth Candize which is contested by modern
genealogists.
The questionable and undocumented line descends from Lord Perot Knowlton.
William Knowlton (1) b 1584 Kent, England m. Ann Elizabeth Smith
The link will take you to a 4th grade report written by Chris Gibson.
William is a fully approved, documented and cited, gateway ancestors,
and emigrated in 1632 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Our other maternal gateway ancestors are listed below.
There are at least three additional lines to William Knowlton in our family tree.
John Knowlton (2) b 1610, Kent, England m. Marjery Wilson
John Knowlton (5) b 1633, Ipswich, MA m. Deborah Grant
Deborah, related to Ulysses Grant, was directly descended,
multiple times, from both the Forbes and Kennedy families.
Nathaniel Knowlton (19) b 29 June 1658, Ipswich, MA m Deborah Jewett 3 Dec 1664
Nathaniel Knowlton (74) b 3 May 1683, Ipswich, MA m Reform Trescott his second wife.
His first wife was Marry Bennett, the mother of William.
A list of siblings and detailed information follows on this page.
Captain Samuel Knowlton (121) m. Anna Fellows
Brother of William Knowlton who was the father of Colonel Thomas Knowlton
Samuel was a decorated Captain in the Revolutionary War.
Jeremiah Knowlton (285) m. Anna Pierce
He was a first cousin to Colonel Thomas Knowlton, She was a cousin to Franklin Pierce.
John Knowlton (605) m. Sally Knowlton (706) (3rd cousins)
Sally's Father, Captain Joseph Knowlton was a cousin to Jeremiah and uncle of Colonel Thomas Knowlton
whom he fought alongside in the Revolutionary war.
Captain Joseph is also a direct descendant of Richard More, through the family of daughter Susan More.
Freeman Knowlton (1608) m. Abigail Hatch
John Watson Knowlton (3848) m. Aseneth Brown
(3850) b. 1838 John was a railroad mail agent and is descended from the well known Watson family through his mother.
Frank Adams Knowlton m.6 May,1889, Isabel Nellie Swett b.1868
b. July 9, 1865 d. Feb 1929 Frank was a dentist in Fairfield, ME
The Swett Family descends from a significant line of European Royalty and Nobility through the Mayhew family.
Thomas Mayhew Sr. and Thomas Mayhew Jr. Thomas Sr. was the founder and first Governor of Martha's Vineyard Island.
Benjamin F. M. Swett married Sophronia Norton, a direct descendant of the Adams family and seven Mayflower Pilgrims.
Jonathan Mayhew, a noted American clergyman, is credited with coining the phrase "no taxation without representation ."
Frank Watson Knowlton m. Letha Pearl Metzger
Early Bell Telephone employee and supervisor in Albany, NY
b. May 28, 1900 d. May 1928
Letha Pearl Metzger is descended from these early American colonial families:
James Williamson, Johannes Von Tschudi, Cornelius Janse Vanderveer, Hendrick Hendricksen Kip, Wolfert Gerretse Couwenhoven,
Giles Jason De Mandeville, Pieter Monfoort, Claes Cornelissen Van Schouwen, Johannes Theodorus Polhemius and Pieter Claesen Wyckoff.
Many descend from European royalty and are "first arrivals"(1625) of New Amsterdam, Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Long Island.
Sarah Jane Knowlton b. 1926
Only child of Frank Watson Knowlton and Letha Pearl Metzger, she was Raised in Norristown, PA by her Stepfather, Theodore Andreas Wiedemann.
m. Thomas Cushman Gibson b. 7/8/25-1996
Third son of Joseph Whitton Gibson, Raised in Norristown, PA,
Machine Tool Engineer, Designed aircraft carrier elevator lifting gears at Newark Gear
Thomas Knowlton b. 1948
Philip Cook b. 1950
David Cushman b. 11/20/1952-2/5/1987
Andrea Whitton b. 1956
Thomas Knowlton Gibson addresses the General Assembly
in Connecticut State Capitol Building in Hartford.
Many of our family
ancestors were instrumental with
the drafting, signing or approving of significant historical
documents in the founding of our country, including
The
Magna Carta in
(1215); First, Second, & Third Virginia
Charters; Mayflower
Compact
(1620); Charter
of Massachusetts Bay
(1629); Pennsylvania
Charter
of Privileges
(1696); Resolutions of the Stamp Act (Oct. 19, 1765); Declaration
of Arms (July
6, 1775); Virginia
Declaration of Rights
(June 12, 1776);
Declaration
of Independence
(July 4, 1776); Articles
of Confederation
(Nov. 15, 1777) in York, PA; and finally the Constitution of the United States (1787).
Please view our complete family tree on Rootsweb.com, with more than 130,000 entries in 41,000 families.
If you have an Ancestry.com
account, or are willing to sign up for a free one, you are
invited to view our complete family
tree.
It is one of the largest on the web, with more than 130,000 entries in
40,000 families, many
going back more than 2000 years.
A few of the older listings on Ancestry.com (before 1500), are in error
due to their "One
World Tree" systematic approach, please verify all sources.
Many of
our ancestors are listed on the websites "The
genealogy of 750,000 people connected to European Royalty", Cindi's List,
Colonists with Royal
Ancestry
, and
two superb
genealogical surveys of the peerage of European
royal families, and The Peerage.com.
The maternal
branch of our family is directly
descended
from the following notable
colonial
families.
We have identified almost 400 gateway
ancestors
with more than 50 descended from about 2000 ancestors of *European
nobility.
* Many
lines are through King Edward III of England or his grandfather King
Edward I, and obviously their European Royal Ancestry through
the Neville and Plantagenet trees.
The oldest known colonial
ancestor or
original
immigrant is noted, with * indicating one of more than fifty
lines to European
Royalty.
Most of our
ancestors are fully approved, documented
and cited, gateway
ancestors. The paternal half of this
list is on the Gibson page.
*Adams,
William married Elizabeth
Kemp, ancestors of John Adams,
John
Quincy Adams, Samuel Adams
and John
Adams.
Our family has at least 7
ties with the Adams family of Quincy, Massachusetts, and
is one of many lines to King Edward I of England.
*Adams,
Joseph married Abigail Baxter, close relatives
of Thomas
Jefferson.
Allen, Bozoan married Ann Alby
Andrews, Robert married Grace Melburn
Andrews, Thomas married Martha Baker
Baker,
Thomas married Priscilla Symonds, ancestors of both
Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
Balch, John married Margaret Lovett
One of the oldest surviving
wood frame houses in the United States was constructed
by John
Balch in 1636.
Bangs,
Edward married Rebecca Hobart
Bennett, Anthony married Abigail Somes
Bird, Richard married Joanne Mitchell
Bird, Robert married Mary Popham
*Bompasse,
Edward married
Hannah
Annable both early (1621) arrivals of the
Plymouth Colony on the ship Fortune.
Our Bompasse
family line is one of seven to King Edward III of England and
obviously his Royal Ancestors, through the Neville and Plantagenet
trees.
Bowers, George married Barbara Smyth
Bradford, William married
Bricker, Christian married Barbara Kissinger
Brown, William married Mary Murdock
Brown, William married *Susan
Harding
*
Buck, Isaac married Francis Marsh, ancestors of John Adams,
John
Quincy Adams, Samuel Adams
and John
Adams.
*Carter,
Thomas married Mary Parkhurst,
related to Robert
"King" Carter,
Robert
"Councillor" Carter and James
Earl Carter.
We have at least five connections
with this famous family with more ancestors named Carter than
either Gibson
or Knowlton.
Chesley, Philip married Elizabeth Leighton
Chittenden, Isaac married Martha Vinal
Clark,
Thomas married Rose Kerrich,
ancestors of both
Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
Coit,
John married Mary Stevens
Collins, Joseph married Ruth Knowles
Cooke, Josiah married Elizabeth Ring, ancestors
of both Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
*Couwenhoven,
Gerret Wolfertse Van, married Aeltje
Cornelis Cool
Dalrymple, James married Eremiah
Yeoman
*Denham,
Thomas married Sarah
Bompasse The Denham family descended
from a significant Royal line.
Doane, John married Ann Perkins
Dyer, William Sr. married Dorothy Shirley
Dyer, William Jr. married *Mary Barrett,
Mary was hung for
being a Quaker in 1660. Please
don't skip this incredible story.
Eliot, Francis married Mary Saunders
Fiske, David married *Seaborn
Wilson ancestor of Thomas
Woodrow Wilson.
French, Thomas married Mary Scudamore, both very
early Boston residents.
*Gates,
Caleb, married *Mary
Forbes, early settlers from
Connecticut and multiple ancestors of Tom Gibson, Sally Knowlton and Bill Gates III.
The Gates family is also descended from Thomas
Mayhew,
founder of Martha's Vineyard Island and an ancestor of many famous
americans.
George, John married Ann Goldstone
*Grant, James
married
*Agnes
Grant (1st cousins) Both James
and Agnes
had an incredible pedigree descending from European
Royalty.
The were closely related to Ulysses
Grant and directly descended, multiple times,
from the *Gates, *Forbes
and *Kennedy
families.
The Forbes family has owned many of the
Elizabeth
Islands off of Cape Cod for almost 200 years. The
town of Gosnold
includes the island chain.
*Our Grant, Forbes and Kennedy
family lines are three of the twenty
eight lines through King
Edward I of England.
Harding, Joseph married Martha Doane, both
early arrivals of the Plymouth Colony on the ship Little James and
ancestors of Warren
G. Harding.
*Harrington,
James married Ann
Clinton, daughter of Thomas
Clinton the grandson of the 1st
Earl of Lincoln, ancestors of both
Tom and Sally Gibson.
Hart, Isaac married Elizabeth
Hutchinson, Elizabeth
was one
of the accused during the Salem
Witchcraft Trials.
One of the oldest existing houses in
the United States was constructed by Thomas
Hart in 1640.
Higgins,
Owen married Seaborn Tew
Hilliard, Emanuel married *Elizabeth
Parkhurst
Hinkson, Peter married Elizabeth Underwood
*Holbrook,
John married Elizabeth Stream, closely related
to Zachary
Taylor, Franklin
Pierce and Chester
Alan Arthur.
John's grandson John
married Sarah Knowlton. He was the founder of
Brattleboro, Vermont, where his home
is now a museum.
Howland,
Henry married
Anne Margaret Aires, ancestors of both
Thomas Cushman Gibson and Sarah Jane Knowlton.
Henry was an ancestor of seven presidents including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and George W. Bush, as well as Sir Winston Churchill.
Both of my parents are descended from his son, John Howland, my mother is also descended from his brother Henry who married *Mary Newland.
Howland, John with
his wife Elizabeth
Tilley, and her
parents John
Tilley
and
Joan Hurst, all
arrived on the Mayflower
in 1620.
Jewett, William, married Ann Field
Kent, Richard married Dorothy Emma Shorte
Kidder, James married Anna Moore
Knowlton,
Jeremiah
married
*Abigail
Pierce,
she was descended from
ancestors of Barbara
Pierce Bush, John Hancock
and Franklin
Pierce.
Knowlton, John I married
Margery Wilson
Knowlton,
John
II, son of John I, married *Deborah Grant,
daughter of James Grant and Agnes Grant, ancestors of Ulysses
S. Grant.
Knowlton,
William married Ann
Elizabeth Smith
Lord, Thomas married *Dorothy
Bird
Mackintosh, William married Margaret Ogilvie
Marshall, Peter married Elizabeth Weiser
*Mayhew,
Jonathan a noted American clergyman in
Boston, Massachusetts, is credited with coining the phrase "
*Mayhew,
Thomas married Jane Paine, founders
of Martha's
Vineyard Island, ancestors of Rutherford
B. Hayes, Bill Gates and many famous americans.
Living on an island, the
first seven generations of the Mayhew family experienced significant
intermarriage and hereditary
deafness.
A
superb story, my great grandmother, Isabel Nellie Swett could sign MVSL and attributed her deafness
to her multiple Mayhew ancestors.
Three grandparents of Isabel were
multiple Mayhew descendants and the family lived in the town of Chilmark on Martha's Vineyard for almost
300 years.
Our Mayhew family line is one of seven
to King Edward III of England and
obviously European Royal Ancestry, through the Neville and Plantagenet
trees.
Mayo, John married Thomasine Constable
Merrill, John married Elizabeth Vincent
Merry,
Joseph married *Elizabeth
Parkhurst, both early arrivals of Tisbury
on Martha's
Vineyard Island.
Metzger, Johann married Catherine
Gerlach, daughter of Jacob
Gerlach.
Monfoort,
Pieter married Grietje
Van Ness
More,
Richard married Christian
Hunter, both early arrivals of the Plymouth
Colony with Richard on the Mayflower.
Moulton, Thomas married Martha Page
Murdock, Henry married Audria Cook
Park, Richard married Margery Crane
Parker, Abraham married Rose Whitlock
Parker, James married *Joane
Drake
Partridge, George married Sarah Tracy,
ancestors of Rutherford
B. Hayes.
Pease, John married Mary Browning
Perkins, Abraham married Tabitha Niles
*Pierce,
John married *May
Barnett, ancestors
of Barbara
Bush, John
Hancock and Franklin
Pierce.
Poland, John married Bethia Friend
Polhemus, Daniel married Willemyntie
Kip
*Popham, John
married *Amy
Anne Games
With his nephew George,
they founded the Popham Colony
in 1607, one of
the earliest English colonial settlements in North America.
Although both Jamestown and Popham colonies were
abandon
for a period of time, Popham was ultimately not as successful
as it's sister in Virginia.
Popham Colony experienced a death
rate of less than 20% compared to 50% at Plymouth, 80% Jamestown and 100% at Roanoke
Island.
A Pinnace he named Virginia, was the first ocean
going vessel ever constructed in the new world. Please don't skip this
story.
Poulter, John married Marie Pope
Powers, Walter married Joane Newman
Rawlins, James married Hannah Fry
Rogers, Jeremiah married Ann Playle
Rowland, Jacob married Barbara Zorn
Sawyer, William married Sarah Littlefield
Schenck, Roelof Martense married *Annetje
Wyckoff
Seymore, William married Arabella Stuart
Shepard, Ralph married
Thank
Ye Lord, also recorded as Thankful
Lord.
Shoemaker, George married Anna Maria Barbara
Skiffe, James married Mary Reeves
Smith, John married *Deborah
Parkhurst
Stream, John married *Elizabeth
Whitman, ancestors of William
Howard Taft and related to Walt Whitman.
Stewart, James married Elizabeth Stewart (3rd cousins)
*Stewart,
John married Grizel
Rattray We show multiple descent
from the Royal "House
of Stewart" and Rattray
families.
*Swett, Captain
Benjamin married Ester
Weare, ancestors of Millard
Filmore, James
Garfield and Rutherford
B. Hayes.
*Swett,
Stephen married Hannah
Merrill, Stephen and his son Joseph were
founders of the town of Marblehead,
Mass.
One of the oldest existing houses
in the United States was constructed by Stephen
Swett in 1670.
*Swett,
Moses married Hannah Swett, (2nd cousins)
descended from John
and Sarah
Swett.
There was significant intermarriage and hereditary
deafness in the
Swett and Mayhew families.
*Taylor,
Doctor Henry married Lydia
Hatch, he is a great uncle
of presidents Zachary
Taylor and James
Madison.
Tilton, William married Susannah Morreal
*Treat,
Richard married
Alice
Gaylord, ancestors of Robert
Treat Paine, J. P. Morgan, and both
Thomas C. Gibson and Sarah J. Knowlton.
Trescott,
William married Elizabeth Nute
Trion, Johann married Elizabeth Achy
*Tschudi,
Johannes Von married
Maria
Lang
*Underwood,
William married Sarah Pellet, ancestors
of Barbara
Bush, John
Hancock and Franklin
Pierce.
*Vanderveer,
Cornelius Janse married Tryntje
Mandeville were early Dutch colonists in New
Amsterdam.
We were neighbors
of Vanderveer descendants when living on the Craftsman
Farms Estate,
on Route 10, in Morris
Plains, NJ
Weare,
Nathaniel married Sarah
Swain, both early arrivals of Nantucket
Island.
*Whipple, John
married Susanna
Clarke, John
Whipple was an early settler of Providence, RI and an
ancestor of Stephen
Hopkins.
*White,
John was sent by Sir
Walter Raleigh
John was the first Governor of Roanoke
Colony, grandfather of Virginia
Dare, and an early member of the Plymouth
Colony.
White,
Resolved married Judith
Vassall, both early arrivals of the
Plymouth Colony with Resolved on the Mayflower.
White, William married Susanna
?, parents of Resolved, they were
both
early arrivals of the Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower.
Whitlock, John married Sarah Vile were early Connecticut
settlers and founders of Fairfield.
Williamson, James married Jane
Davis
*
Winborn, Rev. John married Elizabeth Hart
Winship, Edward married Elizabeth Parke
Wise, Humphrey married Susan Tidd
Witt, John married Sarah Rooles
Wheeler, John married Agnes Yeoman
Wheeler, Benjamin married Mehitable Wheeler (1st cousins)
Woodman, Edward married Joanna Salway
*Wyckoff,
Pieter Claesen married Grietje
Van Ness They were very early resident
of Albany and New
Amsterdam, (NYC).
The oldest house in New York City was built by Pieter Wyckoff in 1652.
My parents Thomas
Cushman Gibson,
(SAR member)
and Sarah
Jane Knowlton,
(DAR member)
are multiple cousins, both with exceptional colonial ancestry.
They both descended
from Thomas
Clark, an ancestor
of George
Wythe, John
Baker, an ancestor of John
Trumbull, John
Hutchinson and Sarah Putnam,
William
Hurt, John
Harrington, Samuel
Treat, Matthew
Whipple, Caleb
Gates,
and finally, Mayflower passenger Stephen
Hopkins and Francis
Cooke.
[There are many instances
of homogamy,
endogamy
and consanguinity in the Gibson and
Knowlton ancestry, which are actually quite common in colonial
families.]
My father was a machine tool salesman and
worked for his father in law at Wiedemann
Machine Tools in King of Prussia, PA, among other
companies.
My
parents obviously had a penchant for large historic old homes.
Listed below are some of the 17 homes we live in from 1948
until 1968. We
lived:
on the original Craftsman
Farms estate,
on Route 10 in Morris
Plains, NJ; then with my grandparents on South
Valley Road in West
Orange, NJ;
at
"Tree Tops", the Earl
Barnes estate next to the Zimbalist Estate
on Town
Hill Rd, in New Hartford, CT, where we played
with "Skipper"
Zimbalist;
in a
beautiful 1840's four story brick antebellum
home on Church St, in Wytheville,
VA; next to the old Norris Estate on
Landing Road in Elkridge,
MD;
then to the
1850 stained glass windowed, red roofed Victorian
"Hill House",
on Hill House Road next to Kernan Hospital in historic
Dickeyville, MD;
and finally, on Bristol Road in one of the oldest
homes in Hartsville,
PA, the Robert
Darrah Farm, part of his
father's
Estate built in
the early
1700's.
George
Washington visited
and rested at the Darrah
house many
times in August of 1777, while
holding
court martial at nearby Neshaminy
Church.
According
to Darrah descendants, the children were usually sent to the grand
parents house so they wouldn't disturb the General
while he
was napping.
Yes, "George
Washington Slept Here,"
and I have slept in the same room that our first president slept
in, although it was almost 200 years later.
Col. Thomas Knowlton information from the Sons of the American Revolution.
Thomas Knowlton Gibson Genealogy Page.
CIA information on Captain Thomas Knowlton.
Biography of Lt. Thomas Knowlton.
225 Anniversary Ceremony of the deaths of Col. Knowlton and Captain Nathan Hale.
Information on the MICA Knowlton Award. Thomas Knowlton Gibson is a life member of MICA.
Background information on Nathan Hale.
A description of the Battle of Bunker Hill.
MICA, Military Intelligence information.
A short history of the U.S. ARMY Rangers.
A few interesting facts about the Battle of Bunker Hill.
Information on General Israel Putnam.
Significant Portraits from the 1910 Journal of American History.
A directory of Knowlton related pictures.
There is quite a family history from the Swett side of the family.
Connecticut US ARMY ROTC Knowlton Company
Additional family
information that I have not
categorized yet. Please browse.
There are more pages, just update the page number in your URL window. I think the total is up to 70
pages now.
Volunteers from Nixon’s brigade, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Crary, boldly charged down Hollow Way viciously tempting the British troops on the Claremont Slope to meet them head-on in a salt marsh called Martje David’s Fly. The British rushed down into the marsh salivating over the sweetness of the coming victory. Suddenly musket shots were fired into their right flank. Startled, the British quickly re-grouped and attacked the encircling force on their right. By the end of the day, the exhausted colonists claimed victory at what would be called the Battle of Harlem Heights. But something had gone terribly wrong. The flanking troops had fired too soon, probably from the enthusiasm of an excited officer. Once this occurred, they could not reach the rear of the British as intended, but met the British force straight on. Over one hundred of General George Washington’s soldiers had died in the battle. Among them, was Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton the hero of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill). Descending from a long line of honorable military men, Thomas Knowlton was destined to serve and become a hero. Born in November, 1740, he accompanied his brother Daniel, a famous scout and revered military officer himself, on several scouting missions during the French and Indian War. A sure ancestor of Achilles, Knowlton’s aura of a military hero was as much physical as it was tactical. Over six feet tall and quite handsome, his presence demanded attention and respect. His care for soldiers and military knowledge earned him that attention and respect from all. Settling down to a quiet farm life after the French and Indian War, Knowlton became prominent in civil affairs. His peaceful life, however, turned to the military once again in the fall of 1774. Chosen by acclamation, Knowlton assumed command of a company of the Ashford, Connecticut, Volunteers, and by June 1775, Knowlton commanded two hundred men. On the 16th of that month, his soldiers followed him onto Breed’s Hill where they were assigned to defend a seemingly impossible position. Exposed to the enemy and vulnerable from both land and sea, Knowlton quickly assessed the situation and began to improve the odds. Calculating that the British Commander, General Howe, would attack the inexperienced, under-equipped Americans, Knowlton formulated a plan which used a series of fences and other obstacles to slow the British advance and give the Americans a chance to survive the oncoming slaughter. By the day’s end, British casualties were over 1000, compared to the total American casualties of 449. Only three men from Knowlton’s company died in the battle.Gaining the trust and admiration of General George Washington, Knowlton was soon given a group of select men from Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts who were known as "Knowlton’s Rangers." Under the direct control of Washington, Knowlton’s Rangers performed tasks similar to those of Roger’s Rangers in the French and Indian War and the United States Army Rangers of today. Unlike Roger’s Rangers, however, Knowlton’s Rangers were the first of their kind to be formally organized. On the morning of the fateful battle of Harlem Heights, Knowlton’s Rangers patrolled a small field near the British camp. Spotted by a British outpost, the Rangers soon found themselves in a firefight with the Black Watch. A hand picked unit for height and composed mostly of Highlanders, the Black Watch carried an assortment of weapons and was known for its unusual dress. To the ragtag group of Americans, even Knowlton’s Rangers, this uniquely dressed, physically impressive unit instilled fear in all who fought against them. Lightly armed for the ease of conducting reconnaissance, Knowlton’s Rangers fought valiantly and were able to stall the Black Watch assault. When the attackers began to try to encircle Knowlton, he ordered a retreat and brought his troops back to safety with few casualties. Eager for a victory over the British, Washington concocted the plan to cut off a section of the British troops’ rear with Knowlton’s Rangers. Once the premature shots had been fired into the right flank of the British, Knowlton quickly tried to rally his troops to carry on the attack. Shot in the small of his back, Knowlton fell, mortally wounded, within minutes of the failed attack. The following day, General Reed wrote, "All his inquiry was whether we had driven in the enemy." In 1995, Colonel Thomas Knowlton became the hero of the Military Intelligence Corps and the Military Intelligence Corps Association (MICA) created an award for Military Intelligence Corps’ soldiers and civilians named after him. Knowlton’s Rangers were the first of their kind. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton was a one of a kind. He epitomizes the Military Intelligence Corps’ Motto: "Always Out Front!" In every engagement with the enemy, Knowlton was on the front line encouraging, leading, and showing his troops where to go. The admiration he earned from his peers and superiors, the military genius displayed at Breed’s Hill and Harlem Heights, the love and respect he gained from his soldiers, and the honor with which he served should be a model for all Military Intelligence Corps’ soldiers to emulate.
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If intelligence is information, and military intelligence is information that helps a commander deal with an enemy, than no less a commander than George Washington underscored best why the black art of the spy has been an essential part of American foreign policy since before the Revolution: "The necessity of procuring good intelligence is apparent and need not be further urged," he observed to one of his lieutenants in July of 1777.
The Father of our Country spoke from bitter experience. He lost his very first battle of the American Revolution because of a massive intelligence failure.
Washington had assumed command of the Continental Army in Cambridge on July 2, 1775. His military experience was limited to his role as a lieutenant colonel during the French and Indian War some sixteen years previously. He had never attended a military academy and in fact he'd had little formal education at all. He was forty-three years old.
The military situation at Boston was a stalemate: Washington's tiny army was sufficient to lay siege to the city, but not to capture it from General Thomas Gage, who had commanded a three thousand man advance guard in a bloody battle against the French and Indians in a ravine near the Monongahela River twenty years previously. As aide-de-camp to General Edward Braddock in that campaign, Washington had his horse shot out from under him, and had seen Braddock killed in a classic surprise attack. Nearly a thousand British had died that day—as opposed to less than fifty of the French. It had been the worst British military debacle on the American continent, and Gage was in no mood to give the enemy a chance for a second victory in the Americas.
Gage had three choices: attack Washington's army and attempt to lift the siege, evacuate Boston by sea, or do nothing but sit and wait for reinforcements from England. Gage chose to wait the Americans out, primarily because he had a network of spies and informants in place, and their reports assured him of Washington's troop strength and position. With fair winds and continued good intelligence, it seemed a certainty that the British would eventually prevail.
Significantly, at this time, General George Washington had but a single spy in action against the British. According to his accounts record, on July 15, 1775, less than two weeks after he took command, Washington paid $333.33 to someone whose name is lost to history "to go into the town of Boston to establish secret correspondence for the purpose of conveying intelligence of the Enemys movements and designs."
In October of that year, Gage was relieved by General William Howe. By January of 1776, with more spies finally in place, Washington had reason to believe that Howe's deputy, General Henry Clinton, would attack New York with an expeditionary force of fifteen hundred men. Both Howe and Washington understood that New York was crucial to control of the Hudson River, the means whereby the southern arm of the British forces would eventually meet up with those moving down the river from Canada, along the shores of Lake Champlain.
By February, the battle lines had somewhat changed. General Clinton sailed instead to South Carolina and failed to capture Charleston. Howe's New York plans were disrupted by the arrival of more than fifty pieces of heavy artillery that had been captured by the patriots at Fort Ticonderoga. Washington eagerly placed the cannon on Dorchester Heights where they threatened Boston, the harbor, and an end to the stalemate that had been in effect for almost nine months.
Howe gave the order to evacuate Boston on March 7th. Convinced that New York was Howe's strategic destination, Washington fatefully moved his army to New York, discovering in the process how difficult the island was to defend, even with an army ten times the size of his own. Surrounded by easily navigable waterways beyond which lay the shores of Long Island, Staten Island, and New Jersey—from which attacks could easily be staged—the island of Manhattan also contained a large proportion of Tories loyal to England and an enormous number of British spies.
Howe's actual battle plan would be revealed to Washington as an unhappy surprise. Instead of marching to New York, Howe repaired to Nova Scotia, and—regrouped and reinforced—arrived off Sandy Hook, New Jersey in June of 1776 in an enormous flotilla of 130 vessels. British spies immediately boarded the ships, flush with news of Washington's disposition of forces in New York. On July 2nd, Admiral Lord Richard Howe, the General's brother, arrived with another 150 ships. Additionally German mercenaries arrived in yet another flotilla, and on August 12th General Clinton and his force arrived from Charleston.
More than thirty-one thousand troops, ten ships of the line, twenty frigates, and hundreds of small transports manned by over ten thousand British seamen stood poised to destroy the Continental Army.
Between August 24th and 29th in the year 1776, the British inflicted more than 1400 casualties on the Americans. If George Washington had not been able to retreat across the East River under the cover of fog and darkness, the American war for independence would have been lost before it had truly begun.
Fully aware that it was a matter of failed intelligence that had cost so many lives, one of Washington's first acts subsequent to the battle of New York was to commission Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to form a company of hand-picked volunteers in order to carry out reconnaissance missions and special operations "either by water or by land, by night or by day."
Knowlton's Rangers, as they were known, marked the birth of United States Army Intelligence, and the year of their formation is memorialized on the U.S. Army Military Intelligence emblem to this day.
Thomas Knowlton was born into a military family on November 22, 1740 in West Boxford, Massachusetts. When he was eight, his family moved to a four hundred acre farm in Ashford, C